In this guide, those filing for the first time—or those who have done it before and need further guidance—will learn everything they need to get started, including what basic terms mean and what forms you’ll need.
Tax Basics
The U.S. tax system boils down to this: You likely owe the government a portion of your income and earnings. Income tax is usually withheld from each of your paychecks by your employer throughout the year, based on what you’ll probably owe. Certain factors can affect how much you’ll owe, such as your marital status, the number of dependents you have, and tax breaks that you’re entitled to claim. You won’t know for sure whether you’ve overpaid or underpaid through withholding until you prepare your tax return. And if you’ve overpaid, you’ll receive a refund. You must pay the difference by the filing date, usually April 15, if you underpaid. In 2022, the year in which you’ll file your 2021 tax return, the official filing deadline is Monday, April 18.
How to Start Filing Your Taxes
Using tax software is one of the easiest ways to prepare your tax return. These programs ask you some questions about your financial habits and income, then the programs will fill out the appropriate forms for you, based on your answers. The Free File Alliance is another option, but it is limited to eligible individuals. The IRS has partnered with select tax software providers, including TaxAct and TaxSlayer, to provide free preparation of returns for taxpayers who earned $73,000 or less in 2021. Some tax software or providers have lower income limits and other qualifying rules, but you can choose the one that best suits you.
Review Your Tax Documents
Once you’ve decided how you will file your taxes, gather your W-2 forms and any other tax documents you might have received after the beginning of the new year, such as 1099 forms. You’ll have just one W-2 if you work one job. You might have multiple 1099s if you have any interest or dividend income, or if you work as an independent contractor. Each financial institution should send you a 1099, as should any business or entity that paid you more than $600 over the year for non-employee services. All paperwork should arrive before Feb. 1, 2022. Read all the boxes on your W-2s. Each is labeled. They’ll tell you how much you earned overall and how much you paid in taxes over the year through wage withholding.
Know Your Filing Status
The IRS offers five filing statuses, and choosing the correct one is important, because it determines your standard deduction and affects other rules.
Single: You’ve never married, or you’re legally divorced or separated by court order.Married filing jointly: You’re married, and you and your spouse file a single, joint return together.Married filing separately: You’re married, but you and your spouse elect to file separate tax returns.Qualifying widow(er): You were married, but your spouse died during the last two years. You must have a dependent child to qualify for this status, and you can only use it for two years after the year in which your spouse died.Head of household: With this label, you’re “considered unmarried.” You might still be legally married to your spouse, but you didn’t live together at any time during the last six months of the year. You must additionally have a qualifying dependent who lives with you, and you must pay for more than half the cost of maintaining your home during the tax year. Other rules apply as well.
Effect of Deductions and Credits
You won’t have to pay tax on all the earnings that appear in box 1 of your W-2 form, because you’re entitled to claim at least one tax break. Tax breaks come in the form of tax deductions and tax credits. While tax deductions reduce the portion of your overall income that you must pay taxes on, tax credits subtract directly from what you owe the IRS. The most important tax benefits for young people are those that impact student loan interest and college education expenses, and credits that can help you save for retirement. Other common credits include the Child Tax Credit, the Credit for Other Dependents, the Earned Income Tax Credit, and the American Opportunity Credit, which is an educational credit.
The Standard Deduction
The standard deduction is a specified amount that the IRS lets you subtract from your income, and it varies according to your filing status. For the 2021 tax year, the standard deductions are as follows:
Single taxpayers: $12,550Married couples filing separately: $12,550Married couples filing jointly or qualifying widow(er): $25,100Heads of household: $18,800
These deductions are indexed for inflation annually, so they tend to increase a little each year. They’re set at $12,950 for single taxpayers and married couples filing separately, $25,900 for married couples filing jointly and qualifying widow(er)s, and $19,400 for heads of households in the 2022 tax year.
Itemizing Your Deductions
You can claim the lump-sum standard deduction, or you can itemize your deductions instead. Itemizing involves listing every qualifying expense you paid all year and entering the information on a separate form—Schedule A—that must accompany your tax return when you submit it. It’s an either/or choice. You can’t claim the standard deduction and itemize expenses, too. Some taxpayers are prohibited from claiming the standard deduction, so they must itemize. This would be the case if you’re married, you and your spouse are filing separate returns, and your spouse has already filed and itemized their deductions. You must then do the same on your own return. You must also itemize if you’re a nonresident or dual-status alien at any time during the tax year, with some exceptions, according to the IRS.
How Tax Credits Work
Credits can be either refundable or non-refundable, and both are applied first to any tax you owe. A non-refundable credit can either reduce or erase that amount. You might owe the IRS $800, then realize you can claim a $1,000 non-refundable credit, for example. That would eliminate your tax debt—you wouldn’t owe the IRS anything—but the IRS would keep the $200 remaining balance. The IRS would send you $200 if the credit you were able to claim was refundable.
Understanding Tax Brackets
Your filing status affects your tax rate. There are many rates (or brackets), each spanning a different portion of your income, and the income spans vary, depending on your filing status. The more you earn, the higher the percentage tax rate becomes on your top dollar. For example, in 2021 the top tax rate is 37% for an individual single taxpayer with an income greater than $523,600. The lowest income rate is 10% for a single filer with an income of $9,950 or less. These figures increase to $628,300 and $19,900, respectively, if you are married filing jointly.
Tips for Preparing Your Tax Return
You might want to try completing your return on paper, too, even if you elect to use tax preparation software. This will let you see whether your calculations on paper match up with the calculations in the software, and it can be a learning experience. As mentioned, the IRS provides a list of forms you can use to help, and they’re free. Consider visiting a tax professional, and have them look over your forms when you’ve finished filling out your return, too. Make an appointment in advance, especially if it’s getting close to the tax-filing deadline. Let the office know that you just want someone to review your return prior to the IRS receiving it. Many tax offices will do that for free or for a nominal charge.
