Because these programs are either experimental or being developed, there are no criteria for who exactly receives the income. Some proponents believe that all citizens should get it regardless of what they make, while others believe that only those below a specific income should receive it. Some believe that a government-sponsored income is not necessary or fair to all people.
Acronym: UBI
How Universal Basic Income Works
The core idea behind a universal basic income is to use government tax revenues to create programs that pay all people within that government’s jurisdiction. A state or federal government would divert a certain amount of tax revenues to this program and disperse the funds to the residents. For example, economists Kalle Moene and Debraj Ray propose a payment system tied to a country’s economic output. They suggest that 10% to 12% of gross national income could go directly to universal income payments. This setup would cause payments to rise or fall in relation to the country’s income level and inflation. Another method proposed by economist Milton Friedman in 1962 was a negative income tax. However, Friedman’s idea aligns more with GBI, in which only specific people would receive the benefit. In his idea, those below an established income level would receive a tax credit. It would be paid for with the taxes collected from families earning above a specific level.
What Is UBI Designed For?
A universal basic income would provide everyone with a level of income to ensure they could meet basic needs such as food, housing, and clothing while giving them additional support if they needed it during challenging times. An example of this occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic. Many people lost income because their employers scaled down operations to follow mandated safety protocols. As a result, unemployment soared, and the federal government stepped in and added to unemployment benefits to help those in financial distress. It has been argued that a UBI might have reduced the need for the government to supplement people’s incomes with unemployment insurance during events like a pandemic.
How Much Would Universal Basic Income Cost?
In July 2022, there were 164 million Americans in the labor force. A GBI of $12,000 per year ($1,000 per month) for each person in the labor force would cost $1.968 trillion per year. Many supporters argue that UBI would not need to be an addition to current welfare spending; a basic income would allow the government to cut redundant programs and reduce associated bureaucratic costs. A UBI would cost even more—with more than 300 million Americans, $12,000 per year would cost more than $3.6 trillion per year.
Difficulties Facing UBI
Passing a plan robust enough to make a real impact would be difficult in the U.S. Over half of Americans opposed universal basic income in a 2020 Pew Research Center survey. Many would only support it if tech companies paid for it through increased taxes, Gallup reported. Even raising the U.S. minimum wage has been difficult, even though 62% of Americans favor increasing it to $15 per hour, according to a 2021 Pew poll. Proponents of universal basic income vary widely in their views of how to fund and execute the program. For example, some plans call for a tax increase on the wealthy, while others say corporations should be taxed.
History of Universal Basic Income in the U.S.
There have been several attempts at getting UBI off the ground in the U.S. For example, in 1968, President Johnson’s administration launched a test of the negative income tax in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. It found that those who received negative income tax benefits reduced their work effort, even though they were offered additional incentives to increase earnings. A higher-paying program was tested in Seattle and Denver. Results of both studies did find a reduced incentive to work. Today, the earned income tax credit is a form of guaranteed income. It provides a percentage tax credit for every dollar of earned income up to a maximum credit. Since the credit increases along with income, it promotes the incentive to work. But as the income reaches a maximum level, the tax credit phases out and decreases. In 2019, Stockton, California began a two-year GBI pilot program. It gave $500 a month to 125 local residents. Among other results, the experiment found that GBI allowed many recipients to find full-time employment, put food on the table for many, and reduced income volatility in some lower-income households.
Pros and Cons of Universal Basic Income
Pros Explained
Workers could wait for better situations: An unconditional basic income would enable workers to wait for a better job or better wages. Freedom for people to return to school or stay home to care for a relative: More financial stability means workers could take time to go back to school. If they needed to take time to care for family, they would feel less pressure to work if a relative needed care. May help remove the “poverty trap” from traditional welfare programs: Many existing welfare programs are criticized for keeping people below the poverty line. Often, if welfare recipients make too much, they lose their benefits even if their income is still unequal to the cost of living. A basic income could serve as a supportive springboard rather than a chain to the welfare system.
Cons Explained
Free income may not incentivize people to get jobs: Oren Cass, a senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute, says UBI would make work seem optional. Many recipients might prefer to live on the free income and would not acquire work skills or a good resume. Could perpetuate falling labor force participation rate: Some people may choose to only accept the payments without working to from ever getting a good job in a competitive environment, thus reducing an already-falling labor force participation rate. Money for the comfortable: Universal income means everyone, no matter much wealth they have or how much they make.
